Posts by ISeeTWizard

ISeeTWizard · Insecure vs Secure Ports ISeeTWizard October 25, 2025 at 9:18 AM

There are some default Ports used when working on a network/server but most of these ports exists in a default way and a secure way. Here are some essential ports listed with it's default number and it's secured number.

Insecure Port	Protocol	Description	Secure Port	Protocol	Description
21	FTP	File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sends the username and password using plaintext from the client to the server.	22	SFTP	Uses encryption to protect the user credentials and packet of data being transferred.
23	Telnet	All information to & from the host on a telnet connection is sent in plaintext & cand be intercepted by an attacker.	22	Secure Shell	Secure Shell (SSH) on port 22 uses encryption to ensure that traffic between the host and terminal is not sent in plaintext format.
25	SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the default for sending email messages. Since it is unencrypted, data contained within the emails could be discovered by network sniffing.	587	SMTP	The secure alternative is to use port 587 for SMTP using Transport Layer Security (TLS) which will encrypt the data between the mail client and the mail server.
37	Time	Time Protocol may be in use by legacy equipment and has mostly been replaced by using port 123 for Network Time Protocol (NTP).	123	NTP	NTP on port 123 offers between errorhandling capabilities, which reduces the likelihood of unexpected errors.
53	DNS	Domain Name Service (DNS) is still used widely.	853	DoT	However using DNS over TLS (DoT) on port 853 protects DNS information from being modified in transit.
80	HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the basis of nearly all web browser traffic on the internet. Information sent via HTTP is not encrypted and is susceptible to sniffing attacks.	443	HTTPS	HTTPS using TLS encryption is preferred as it protects the data in transit between the server and the browser.
143	IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol used for retrieving emails. IMAP traffic on port 142 is not encrypted and susceptible to network sniffing.	993	IMAP	The secure alterative is to use port 993 for IMAP which adds SSL/TLS security to encrypt the data between the mail client and the mail server.
445	SMB	Server Message Block (SMB) is used by many versions of Windows for accessing files over the network. Files are transmitted unencrypted.	2049	NFS	Network File System (NFS). Although NDS can use encryption it is recommended that NFS not be allowed through firewalls either.
389	LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Portocol (LDAP) is used to communicate directory information from servers to clients. Since LDAP is not encrpyted it is susceptible to sniffing and manipulation attacks.	636	LDAPS	Lightweight Directory Access Portocol Secure (LDAPS) adds SSL/TLS LDAPS Security to protect the information while it is in transit.

ISeeTWizard · 9 Essential Network Protocols ISeeTWizard October 25, 2025 at 9:17 AM

Within the network there are many different protocols.

9 of them are more than essential.

Short Name	Long Name	Description
HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol	This is how web pages are requested and delivered on the internet.
HTTPS	Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure	It's like HTTP but with added security for safer data transfer.
FTP	File Transfer Protocol	It's used to send and receive files over the internet.
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol	It ensures that data sent over the internet arrives intact.
IP	Internet Protocol	It provides addresses for devices on the internet.
UDP	User Datagram Protocol	It's like TCP but faster and less concerned with data integrity.
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	It's used for sending emails between servers.
SSH	Secure Shell	It's a secure way to access and control remote computers.
IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol	Allow users to access email messages stored on a remote mail server.

ISeeTWizard

No.	Layer	Description	Device	Implementations Protocols
7	Application	Provides services directly to user applications. Identifies communication partners, identifies quality of service, considers user authentication and privacy and determines if adequate ressources are present.	Gateway	SMB HTTP SMTP FTP SNMP Telnet AppleTalk
6	Presentation	Performs data transformations and services including formatting, compression and encryption services to provide a common interface for user applications.	Gateway Redirectors	HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP AFP TDI
5	Session	Establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications at each end. Allows 2 applications to communicate over a network by opening a sessions and synchronizing the involved computers.	Gateway	NetBEUI TCP UDP SPX
4	Transport	Provides transparent transfer of data between end systems by insulating layers 5-7 from complexities of layers 1-3. Responsible for end to end error recovery and flow control and ensures complete data transfer.	Gateway	IP IPX NWLink NetBEUI
3	Network	Establishes, maintains and terminates network connections. Handles traffic management including addressing, routing, switching, forwarding, local paths and virtual circuits, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.	Router Brouter	IP IPX NWLink NetBEUI
2	Data Link	Divided into two sub-layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer controls how a networked computer gains access to the data and permission to transmit it The Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.	Switch Bridge Router	Ethernet PPP HDLC
1	Physical	Controls transmission of the bit stream data over the physical medium. Standards for this layer address transmission at the electrical and menchanical level including signal voltage swing, voltage duration, etc.	Multiplexer Repeater	Ethernet Token Ring FDDI

ISeeTWizard

The OSI Layer should be commonly known in the world of ICT but did you know what attack targets what layer?

Here a table to clarify this...

	Layers	Attacks
7	Application	Exploit
6	Presentation	Phishing
5	Session	Hijacking XSS Attacks / Sessions Side Jacking / Malware
4	Transport	Reconnaissance / DoS (Denial-of-Service) TCP Session Hijack / Fraggle / Syn Flood / Land Attacks
3	Network	Man in the Middle Smurf Attack / Ping of Death / Teardrop
2	Data Link	Spoofing MAC Spoofing / MAC Flooding / VLAN Hopping
1	Physical	Sniffing

ISeeTWizard · What is/means ICT? ISeeTWizard October 24, 2025 at 2:09 PM

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.

Posts by ISeeTWizard

Insecure vs Secure Ports

9 Essential Network Protocols

The OSI Model with possible protocols

The OSI Layer and its possible attacks

What is/means ICT?