Posts by ISeeTWizard

ISeeTWizard · CP/M ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 11:03 AM

CP/M 86

released

1982

floppies

onesided 5,25" floppies

CP/M 86 was brought out by Digital Research for the Intel 8080 CPU.
It was the following version of the CP/M standart OS.

It’s an operating system for 8-bit computers. It looks rather like DOS to use (only not so user-friendly); this is hardly surprising because DOS was copied from CP/M in about 1980.
CP/M comes/came in three main versions; 1.4, 2.2 and 3.1. v2.2 was the basis of MSDOS, while v3.1 evolved into DRDOS and OpenDOS / DR-DOS.

There were also 8086 and 68000 versions of CP/M. CP/M-86 evolved into DOS Plus, Concurrent DOSand REAL/32.

They sold 600.000 copies of the OS. CP/M stands for: Control Program for Microcomputers

CP/M disc formats

The disc format used is to some extent implementation dependent. CP/M has no standard system (like the DOS boot record) to store disc parameters on the disc. Some individual systems use their own boot records (eg Amstrad PCW) but in general the only way to determine a format is to use a program like DISKSTAT on the computer which generated the discs. The sectors of some discs may be software skewed – again, the best way to determine this is to examine the translation table on the source computer.

The layout of a disc is:

Zero or more reserved tracks;
One or more data blocks, a multiple of 1k in size. The data blocks can span tracks and usually contain multiple sectors.
Any spare sectors – ignored by CP/M.
There is one directory (with a fixed size), which occupies one or more blocks at the start of the file space. The directory contains 32-byte entries.

DOS Plus 1.2 does not understand floppies bigger than 360k, and the only hard drive partitions it supports are DOS-formatted ones smaller than 32Mb. So, if you want to install it on your hard drive you may well have to do some serious partitioning.
It will boot in the Linux DOS emulator as long as you have two or fewer emulated hard drives. It will crash on booting if there are three or more.

Year 2000

8-bit systems

CP/M 1.x

The OS makes no use of dates and so is fully Year 2000 compliant. You will still need to check any applications you use.

CP/M 2.x

The original Digital Research CP/M 2 makes no use of dates. However, several third-party BDOSes have been produced, which behave like CP/M 2 but also include time and date functionality:

Z80DOS

Z80DOS itself is 2000 compliant. Its date utility (TIMEZD12.COM) will not display dates past 2000 correctly, but such dates can be entered.

DOS+

DOS+ itself is 2000 compliant. Its date utility (TIME.COM) will accept dates past 2000, if they are entered explicitly as four digits.

P2DOS

P2DOS is 2000 compliant, and it is supplied with an excellent date utility that is also 2000 compliant.
NovaDOS and SUPRBDOS are derivatives of P2DOS and the P2DOS information also applies to them.

CP/M 3.x (CP/M Plus)

The CP/M Plus BDOS is 2000 compliant, but the utilities DATE, DIR and SHOW are not.

16-bit systems

BDOS 2.x (CP/M-86 v1.1)

The BDOS itself includes no date functions. However, the BIOS displays the current date on the screen; Year 2000 patches for this are available at the Unofficial CP/M Website, DOWNLOAD >> CP/M-86 >> PATCHES

BDOS 4.x (DOSPLUS; Personal CP/M-86 v2.0/2; CP/M-86 Plus)

The BDOS itself is Year 2000 compliant. The PCP/M-86 v2.0/2 and CP/M-86 Plus utilities (DIR.CMD; SDIR.CMD; SHOW.CMD; DATE.CMD) will not allow entry or display of dates after 2000. The DOSPLUS equivalent (COMMAND.COM) will.

ISeeTWizard · Linux Commands ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:58 AM

Here are some basic linux commands. Please be aware that depending on your distribution they might me slightly different or non existent.

File and directory management

command	description
ls	list directory contents
cd	change directory
pwd	print working directory
cp	copy files and directories
mv	move or rename files and directories
rm	remove files or directories
mkdir	make directories
rmdir	remove empty directories
touch	change file timestamps or create empty files
find	search for files in a directory hierarchy
locate	find files by name
tree	display directories in a tree like format
chmod	change file permissions
chown	change file owner and group
chgrp	change group ownership
stat	display file or file system status

File viewing and editing

command	description
cat	concatenate and display file content
tac	concatenate and display file content in reverse
more	view file content interactively (page by page)
less	view file content interactively (scrollable)
head	output the first part of a file
tail	output the last part of a file
nano	text editor in terminal
vim or vi	advanced text editor in terminal
emacs	text editor in terminal
grep	search text using patterns
sed	stream editor for filtering and transforming text
awk	pattern scanning and processing language
cut	remove sections from each line of files
sort	sort lines of text files
uniq	report or omit repeated lines

Process Management

command	description
ps	report a snapshot of current processes
top	display linux tasks
htop	interactive process viewer (advanced top)
kill	send a terminate signal to a process
killall	terminate process by name
bg	resume a suspended background job
fg	bring a job to the foreground
jobs	list active jobs
nice	run a program with modified scheduling priority
renice	alter priority of running processes
uptime	show how long the system is up and running
time	measure program running time

Disk management

command	description
df	report file system disk space usage
du	estimate file space usage
fdisk	partition table manipulator
lsblk	list information about block devices
mount	mount a file system
umount	unmount a file system
parted	partition table manipulator
mkfs	create a file system
fsck	file system consistency check and repair
blkid	locate/print block device attributes

Networking

command	description
ifconfig	configure network interfaces
ip	show/manipulate routing, devices and tunnels
ping	send ICMP echo requests to network host
netstat	network statistics
ss	socket statistics
traceroute	trace the route packets take to a network host
nslookup	query internet name servers interactively
dig	DNS lookup utility
wget	non-interactive downloader
curl	transfer data with URLs
scp	secure copy files between hosts
ssh	secure shell for remote login
ftp	file transfer protocol client

User and group management

command	description
useradd	add a user
usermod	modify a user
userdel	delete a user
groupadd	add a group
groupdel	delete a group
passwd	modify the user password
chage	change password expiry information
whoami	print the current logged in user
who	show who is logged in
w	show who is logged in and what they are doing
id	display the user and group id
groups	show the user's groups

System information and monitoring

command	description
uname	print system information
hostname	show or set the system's hostname
uptime	how long the system has been running
dmesg	boot and system messages
free	display memory usage
top	display linux tasks
vmstat	report virtual memory statistics
lscpu	display information about the CPU architecture
lsusb	list USB devices
lspci	list PCI devices
lshw	list hardware configuration

Archiving and compression

command	description
tar	archive files tar -czf test.tar.gz /directory/path/ → compress files using gzip tar -xzf test.tar.gz → extract gzipped tarball tar -cf test.tar → /directory/path → create a tarball tar -xf test.tar → extract tarball
zip	package and compress files into a ZIP archive
unzip	extract files from a ZIP archive
gzip	compress files using the gzip algorithm
gunzip	decompress files compressed with gzip
bzip2	compress files using the bzip2 algorithm
bunzip2	decompress files compressed with bzip2
xz	compress files using the xz algorithm
unxz	decompress files compressed with xz

Package Management

Debian based (like Ubuntu)

command	description
apt-get	APT package handling utility apt-get install packagename → install a package apt-get update → update package list apt-get upgrade → upgrade installed packages apt-get remove packagename → remove a package
apt-cache	query APT cache apt-cache search packagename → search for a package apt-cache show packagename → show package details

Red Hat based (like Centos, Fedora)

command	description
yum	package manager for RPM based systems yum install packagename → install a package yum update → update installed package yum remove packagename → remove a package
dnf	next generation package manager (CentOS 8+, Fedora) dnf install packagename → install a package dnf update → update installed packages dnf remove packagename → remove a package

General

command	description
rpm	RPM package manager rpm -i packagename.rpm → install an RPM package rpm -e packagename → remove an RPM package
dpkg	Debian package manager dpkg -i packagename.deb → install a Debian package dpkg -r packagename → remove a Debian package

System services and daemon management

command	description
systemctl	control the systemd system and service manager systemctl start servicename → start a service systemctl stop servicename → stop a service systemctl restart servicename → restart a service systemctl enable servicename → enable a service to start on boot systemctl disable servicename → disable a service from starting on boot systemctl status servicename → check service status
service	older service management command (used in non systemd systems) service servicename start → start a service service servicename stop → stop a service service servicename restart → restart a service service servicename status → check service status

Scheduling tasks

command	description
cron	daemon for running scheduled commands crontab -e → edit cron jobs for the current user crontab -l → list the current user's cron jobs crontab -r → remove the current user's cron jobs
at	run commands at a specified time at 06:00 → schedule a command to run at 6:00 o'clock
batch	run commands when the system load is low
sleep	delay for a specified time sleep 6s → sleep for 6 seconds

File permissions and security

command	description
chmod	change file permissions
chown	change file owner and group
chgrp	change the group ownership of a file
umask	set default permissions for new files
setfacl	set file access control lists (ACL)
getfacl	get file access control lists
sudo	execute a command as another user (usually root)
visudo	edit the sudoers file safely
passwd	change a user's password
sudoers	manage sudo access for users
gpasswd	administer group password
ss	display socket statistics (for secure network connections)

System backup and restore

command	description
rsync	remote file and directory synchronization rsync -avz source destination → synchronize files rsync -avz -e ssh source user@remote:/destination/ → sync over SSH
cpio	copy files to and from archives
dd	low-level copying and backup of entire filesystems dd if=/dev/sda of=/path/backup.img → backup a disk or partition dd if=/path/backup.img of=/dev/sda → restore a disk or partition

System Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

command	description
dmesg	print the kernel ring buffer messages system boot and hardware related messages
journalctl	query and view logs from systemd's jourmal
strace	trace system calls and signals strace commandname → trace a command's system call
lsof	list open files lsof files → show processes using a specific file
vmstat	report virtual memory statistics
iostat	report CPU and I/O statistics
mpstat	report CPU usage statistics
pidstat	report statistics by process
free	display memory usage
uptime	how long the system has been running
watch	execute a program periodically - showing output watch -n 1 free → watch memory usage every second
lshw	list hardware configuration
htop	interactive process viewer
netstat	network statistics (replaced by ss)
ss	show socket statistics

Networking & Remote Management

command	description
ifconfig	configure network interfaces (replaced by ip)
ip	a more modern alternative for managing network interfaces and routing ip addr → show ip addresses ip link → show or manipulate network interfaces ip route → show or manipulate routing tables
ss	show socket statistics
nmap	network exploration tool
telnet	user interface to the telnet protocol
nc	network utility for reading and writing from network connections netcat nc -l -p 1234 → listen on port 1234 nc host port → connect to a host and port
iptables	administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT
firewalld	frontend for managing firewall rules (Fedora/CentOS)
ufw	uncomplicated firewall ufw enable → enable firewall ufw allow port → allow traffic on a specific port
tcpdump	command line packet analyzer
curl	transfer data from or to a server using various protocols
wget	download files from the web
scp	secure copy over SSH scp test.txt user@remotemachine:/path → copy file to remote machine
rsync	remote file and directory synchronization rsync -avz /path/ remotemachine:/path → sync directories between 2 machines

Text Processing Utilities

command	description
grep	search for patterns within files grep 'pattern' file.txt → search for a pattern in a file grep -r 'pattern' /dirname/ → recursively search for a pattern
sed	stream editor for filtering and transforming text sed 's/old/ne/g' file.txt → replace old by new globally
awk	a powerful text processing language awk '{print $1} file.txt → print the first column of each line in a file
cut	remove sections from each line of a file cut -d ':' -f 1 /etc/passwd → print the first field of each line delimited by ":"
sort	sort lines of text files sort file.txt → sort file content in ascending order
uniq	report or omit repeated lines in a file sort file.txt \| uniq → sort an remove duplicate lines
tee	read from standard input and write to standard output and files echo "text" \| tee file.txt → write to file and show output on screen
tr	translate or delete characters echo "hello" \| tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' → convert lowercase to upercase letters
paste	merge lines of files paste file1.txt file2.txt → combine lines of file1 and file2 side by side
wc	word, line, character and or byte count wc -l file.txt → count lines in a file wc -w file.txt → count words in a file

System shutdown and reboot

command	description
shutdown	shut down a system shutdown -h now → immediately shut down the system shutdown -r now → immediately reboot the system shutdown -h +10 → shut down after 10 minutes
reboot	reboot the system
halt	halt the system immediately
poweroff	power off the system
init	change the runlevel (old-style system manager) init 0 → shutdown init 6 → reboot

File system mounting and management

command	description
mount	mount a file system mount /dev/sda1 /mnt → mount partition to a directory
umount	umount a file system umount /mnt → unmount the file system mounted at /mnt
fstab	file system table configuration file for mounting file systems
blkid	display block device attributes
fsck	check and repair a file system fsck /dev/sda1 → check and repair /dev/sda1

Filesystem permissions and security

command	description
chmod	change file permissions chmod 755 file.txt → give read write and execute permissions to owner and read/execute permissions to others
chown	change file owner and group chown user:group file.txt → change owner and group of a file
chgrp	change group ownership of a file chgrp group file.txt → change the group of a file
umask	set default permissions for new files umask 022 → set default permissions for newly created files to 755
setfack	set access control lists (ACL) for file permissions
getfacl	get access control lists (ACL) for file permissions

Docker (containerization and orchestration)

command	description
docker	docker command line (CLI) for managing containers
docker run image	run a container from an image
docker ps	list running containers
docker ps -a	list all containers including stopped ones
docker build -t imagename .	build an image from a dockerfile
docker exec -it container_id bash	start an interactive bash shell inside a running container
docker stop container_id	stop a container
docker rm container_id	remove a container
docker logs container_id	view logs of a container
dock images	list available images
docker rmi imagename	remove an image
docker network ls	list docker networks
docker-compose	manage multi-container docker applications
docker-compose up	start up a multi-container environment
docker compose down	stop and remove containers created by docker-compose
docker-compose logs	view logs from containers managed by docker-compose

Kubernetes (k8s) (containerization and orchestration)

command	description
kubectl	command line tool for interacting with Kubernetes clusters
kubectl get pods	list pods in the current namespace
kubectl get nodes	list nodes in the cluster
kubectl get services	list services in the cluster
kubectl apply -f file.yaml	apply configuration from a file
kubectl create -f file.yaml	create a resource from a file
kubectl delete -f file.yaml	delete a ressource defined in a file
kubectl exec -it podname --bash	execute a command inside a pod (ex. open a shell)
kubectl logs podname	view the logs of a pod
kubectl describe pod podname	get detailed information about a pod
kubectl scale deployment deploymentname --replicas=number	scale a deployment to the desired number of replicas
kubectl rollout restart deployment deploymentname	restart a deployment
kubectl port-forward pod podname localport:remoteport	forward a port from a pod to localhost

Helm (containerization and orchestration)

command	description
helm	Kubernetes package manager for deploying applications
helm install releasename chartname	install a helm chart
helm upgrade releasename chartname	upgrade a helm release
helm list	list all helm releases
helm delete releasename	delete a helm release
helm search chartname	search for a helm chart

Automation and configuration management

Ansible

command	description
ansible	automation tool for configuration management
ansible all -m ping	ping all hosts defined in the inventory
ansible-playbook playbook.yml	run an ansible playbook
ansible -m command -a 'command' host	run a single command on a target host
ansible-playbook --check playbook.yml	dry run a playbook to see what would change
ansible-playbook --limit host playbook.yml	run a playbook on a specific host or group
ansible-playbook --extra-vars "key=value"	pass extra variables to a playbook

Terraform

command	description
terraform	infrastructure as code tool for provisioning and managing cloud ressources
terraform init	initialize a working directory for terraform configuration
terraform plan	show an execution plan (what changes would be made)
terraform apply	apply the changes described in a terraform configuration
terraform destroy	destroy infrastructure created by terraform
terraform validate	validate the configuration files
terraform show	show the current state of the infrastructure

Puppet

command	description
puppet	configuration management tool
puppet apply manifest.pp	apply a puppet manifest locally
puppet agent ---test	test the puppet agent
puppet resource	show the current state of resources (files, services, etc.)

CI/CD tools and commands

Jenkins

command	description
jenkins	continous integration tool
java -jar jenkins.war	start jenkins from a war file access jenkins trough http://localhost:8080 by default

GitLab CI

command	description
.gitlab-ci.yml	configuration file for GitLab CI/CD pipelines
gitlab-runner register	register a new runner with GitLab
gitlab-runner run	run the Gitlab Runner to process jobs

GitHub Actions

command	description
Info	GitHub Actions uses YAML configuration files typically located in .github/workflows/
actions/checkout@v2	checkout the repository code in your CI pipeline
actions/setup-node@v2	setup Node.JS for use in a pipeline
docker/setup-buildx-action@v1	set up docker buildx for building multi platform images

Cloud Services

AWS CLI (Amazon Web Services)

command	description
aws	command line tool for managing AWS services
aws configure	configure AWS CLI with your credentials
aws s3 cp file.txt s3://bucketname/	copy a file to an S3 bucket
aws ec2 describe-instances	descripe EC2 instances
aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids id	start an EC2 instance
aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids id	stop an EC2 instance
aws s3 sync	sync directories with an S3 bucket

Azure CLI (Microsoft)

command	description
az	command line tool for managing Azure services
az login	log in to your Azure account
az vm list	list all virtual machines
az vm start --name vmname --resource-group resourcegroup	start an Azure VM
az storage blob upload	upload files to an Azure blob storage
az group create	create a new resource group in Azure AD

Google Cloud SDK

command	description
gcloud	command line tool for Google cloud platform
gcloud auth login	log in to Google cloud
gcloud compute instances list	list compute instances
gcloud compute instances stop instancename	stop a Google cloud VM instance
gcloud ap browse	open the current Google app engine application in a browser

Logging and Monitoring

Prometheus

command	description
prometheus	open source system monitoring and alerting toolkit start prometheus server (usually as a background service)
prometheus --config.file=configfile	start prometheus with a specific config file

Grafana

command	description
grafana-cli	command line interface for managing Grafana plugins
grafana-cli plugins install pluginname	install a plugin in Grafana

ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)

command	description
elasticsearch	search engine for logging and data analytics
curl -XGET 'localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty'	get cluster health status
logstash	server side data processing pipeline
logstash -f configfile	run logstash with the specified configuration file
kibana	web interface for visualizing Elasticsearch data Kibana is generally access through web on http://localhost:5601

ISeeTWizard · Linux File System ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:50 AM

Every folder under Linux has it's meaning.

Folder	What it contains
/bin	Essential command binaries
/boot	System boot loader files
/dev	Device files
/etc	Host specific system wide configuration files
/home	User home directory
/lib	Shared library modules
/media	Media file such as DVD-ROM
/mnt	Temporary mounted filesystem
/opt	Add-on application software packages
/proc	Automatically generated file system Interface to kernel data structures
/root	Home directory for root user
/run	Runtime program data
/sbin	System binaries
/srv	Site specific data served by this system
/sys	Virtual directory providing information about the system
/tmp	Temporary files
/usr	Read-only user files Unix System Ressources
/var	Files that are expected to continuously change

ISeeTWizard · Linux Cheatsheet (for beginners) ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:49 AM

Command	Description
ls	lists contents of a directory just like dir under DOS
cat	concatenate and print files
grep	searches for specific results with pattern
clear	clear the terminal
cd	change directory
pwd	print the working directory
mkdir	creates (make) a directory
rmdir	delete (remove) a directory
man	prints the manual pages of a specific tool
which	returns the path to an executable
find	searches for files in a directory hierarchy
locate	searches for files in a system using a prebuilt database
who / whoami	display all logged in users / current user
id	returns user ID
chmod	changes permissions and mode flags of a file or directory
uname	prints operating system's name (unix name)
ifconfig	network interface configuration of the system
ip	display and configure network parameters
sudo / su	executes a command as a different user by default the superuser open a sessions a s superuser
ps	lists the running processes status
kill	sends a kill signal to a process
head	view the first lines of any text
mv	move files
cp	copy files

ISeeTWizard · Nmap commands ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:41 AM

What it does	Command	Details
Host Discovery	nmap -sn target	Disables port scanning and performs host discovery to identify live hosts
Port Scanning	nmap -p port_range target	Scans specified ports or port ranges on the target
Service Version Detection	nmap -sV target	Detects version of services running on open ports
Operating System Detection	nmap -O target	Identifies the operating system of the target host
Aggressive Scan	nmap -A target	Performs OS detection, version detection script scanning and traceroute
UDP Scan	nmap -sU -p port_range target	Scans specified UDP ports on target
TCP Connect Scan	nmap -sT target	Performs a TCP connect scan to determine if ports are open or closed
SYN Scan	nmap -sS target	Performs a stealth SYN scan to identify open ports without completing the TCP handshake
Firewall Evasion	nmap -T"0-5" target	Adjusts timing templates to evade firewalls and intrusion detection systems
Scan from File	nmap -iL input_file target	Reads target hosts from a file and performs the scan
Scan All Ports	nmap -p target	Scans all 65, 535 ports on the target
Service Enumeration	nmap --script script_name target	Uses Nmap Scripting Engine (NES) scripts to enumerate services and gather additional information
Scan Specific Ports	nmap -p port1,port2 target	Scans specific ports on the target

ISeeTWizard · Subnet Mask Cheat Sheet ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:37 AM

	Addresses	Host	Netmask	Amount of a Class C
/30	4	2	255.255.255.252	1/64
/38	8	6	255.255.255.248	1/32
/28	16	14	255.255.255.240	1/16
/27	32	30	255.255.255.224	1/8
/26	64	62	255.255.255.192	1/4
/25	128	126	255.255.255.128	1/2
/24	256	254	255.255.255.0	1
/23	512	510	255.255.254.0	2
/22	1024	1022	255.255.252.0	4
/21	2048	2046	255.255.248.0	8
/20	4096	4094	255.255.240.0	16
/19	8192	8190	255.255.224.0	32
/18	16384	16382	255.255.192.0	64
/18	32768	32766	255.255.128.0	128
/16	65536	65534	255.255.0.0	256

Guide to sub-class C blocks

Network #	IP Range	Broadcast
.0	.1 - .126	.127
.128	.129 - .254	.255

/25 -- 2 Subnets -- 126 Hosts/Subnet

ISeeTWizard · Reverse DNS ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:29 AM

If you ever needed a Machine Name for an IP Address you can simply try this PowerShell command (always run as administrator).

Code

$ComputerIPAddress = '10.10.10.10'
[System.Net.Dns]::GetHostEntry($ComputerIPAddress).HostName

There is an alternative to get more information while connection to the Active Directory (if available).

Code

import-module activedirectory
$ComputerIPAddress = '10.10.10.10'
Get-ADComputer -property * -filter { ipv4address -eq $ComputerIPAddress }

ISeeTWizard · DNS commands ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:28 AM

Here are some useful commands regarding the DNS cache, resolve etc.

Code

#Display the DNS Cache
ipconfig /displaydns

#Empty the DNS Cache
ipconfig /flushdns

#Display DNS Cache (Powershell only)
Get-DnsClientCache

#Empty the DNS Cache (PowerShell only)
Clear-DnsClientCache

#Test a connection to a computer (ping like PowerShell command)
Test-Connection ComputerName

<# Provides information about network latency and network loss at intermediate hops between a source and destination. 
This command sends multiple echo Request messages to each router between a source and destination, over a period of time, and then computes results based on the packets returned from each router. 
Because this command displays the degree of packet loss at any given router or link, you can determine which routers or subnets might be having network problems. #>
pathping ComputerName

#Performs a DNS name query resolution for the specified name
Resolve-DnsName ComputerName

#Find DNS records for a specific computer
nslookup -debug ComputerName

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ISeeTWizard · Block IP trough Firewall ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:25 AM

I had recent attacks on my Linux server and so I was searching on how to add an IP drop with my firewall.

On my Sites I have a security system that blocks already many things but unfortunately not all.

And so here I show you an example on how to do it (at least how I did it).

Code

#add the ip 91.92.252.176 to the connection reject list
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family="ipv4" source address="91.92.252.176" reject'

#reload the firewall with the new settings
firewall-cmd --reload

#see the state of the firewall engine
firewall-cmd --state

#see the current settings
firewall-cmd --list-all

Display More

Example - You want to add an IP that is already exisiting

Reload firewall - if all is ok you'll get a success

Checking the state will show you if it's running or it's stopped

With list-all you gonna see the current settings - so also what is allowed (here logicaly obfuscated)

ISeeTWizard · Type of Networks ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:20 AM

PAN

Personal Area Network A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network for interconnecting electronic devices within an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission among devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants.

LAN

Local Area Network A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a network that transmits information using electromagnetic waves or light, allowing devices to connect to the internet or other devices without the need for physical cables. WLANs are commonly used for wireless internet access in homes, offices, and public places.

CAN

Campus Area Network A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network that spans a limited geographic area. CANs interconnect multiple local area networks (LAN) within an educational or corporate campus. Most CANs connect to the public Internet.

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that covers a smaller geographical area such as a city or a large college campus system. Good examples of MANs are the local telephone company and your local cable TV company. MANs are also widely used in large companies and in governments to interconnect their computers.

WAN

Wide Area Network A wide-area network (WAN) is the technology that connects your offices, data centers, cloud applications, and cloud storage together. It is called a wide-area network because it spans beyond a single building or large campus to include multiple locations spread across a specific geographic area, or even the world.

SAN

Storage Area Network A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a network of storage devices that can be accessed by multiple servers or computers, providing a shared pool of storage space.

SANS

System Area Network A system area network (SAN) is a group of devices that are linked by a high-speed, high-performance connection. A SAN connection uses Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, which are assigned by TCP/IP to each SAN network interface controller (NIC), to determine data routing.

POLAN

Passive Optical Local Area Network A Passive Optical Network (PON) utilizes fiber-optic technology to distribute data from one source to multiple endpoints. The term "passive" denotes the use of optical fiber cables linked to an unpowered splitter, which transmits data from the service provider's network to numerous customers.

EPAN

Enterprise Private Network An Enterprise Private Network (EPN) is a computer network built by a business to interconnect its various company sites such as production sites, offices, and shops. This private network allows companies to share resources and communicate effectively.

VPN

Virtual Private Network A VPN protects its users by encrypting their data and masking their IP addresses. This hides their browsing activity, identity, and location, allowing for greater privacy and autonomy. Anyone seeking a safer, freer, and more secure online experience could benefit from a VPN.

ISeeTWizard · Best Network Security Solutions ISeeTWizard October 26, 2025 at 10:19 AM

Virtual Private Network - VPN

NordVPN
ExpressVPN
Cisco AnyConnect
Juniper Networks VPN

Cloud Based Security Brokers - CASB

Microsoft Cloud App Security
Bitglass Total Cloud Security
Netskope Security Cloud
McAfee MVISION Cloud

Antivirus / Antimalware

Symantec Endpoint Protection
McAfee Endpoint Prtoection (now Trellix)
Kaspersky Endpoint Protection
ESET Endpoint Protection

I personally recommend to just use the Microsoft Defender

Endpoint Detection and Reponse (EDR)

CrowdStrike Falcon
SentinelOne
Carbon Black (part of VMWare)
Sophos Intercept X

Firewalls

Cisco ASA with FirePOWER
Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewalls
Fortinet FortiGate
Check Point Next Generation Firewall

Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Okta
Microsoft Azure Active Directory
Duo Security (Cisco)
SailPoint IdentiIQ

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)

Snort
Cisco Firepower
Palo Alto Networks Threat Prevention
Check Point SandBlast

Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)

Splunk Enterprise Security
IBM QRadar
LogRhythm NextGen SIEM Platform
AlienVault USM (AT&T Cybersecurity)

Secure Web Gateways (SWG)

Zscaler Internet Access
Symantec Web Security Service
McAfee Web Gateway
Forcepoint Web Security

Network Access Control (NAC)

Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE)
Aruba ClearPass
Forescout Counter ACT
Portnox CORE

Email Security

Trustifi AI-Security
Barracuda Email Security Gateway
Proofpoint Email Protection
Mimecast Secure Email Gateway
Cisco Email Security

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

Symantec Data Loss Prevention
Digital Guardian
McAfee Total Protection for Data Loss Prevention
Forcepoint DLP

ISeeTWizard · Diablo IV - Vessel of Hatred ISeeTWizard October 25, 2025 at 9:23 AM

Rating

4/5

Good

Ratings

These ratings are my personal opinion - Your Opinion maybe different than mine!

Graphics

5 out of 5

Difficulty

4 out of 5

Steam Deck

4 out of 5

ROG Ally - Bazzite

4 out of 5

Description

Vessel of Hatred is a paid expansion for Diablo 4 that comes with new ways to play and new evils to vanquish. Players get to choose whether they want to continue playing the base game of Diablo 4 or purchase the expansion and experience its contents.

EMBRACE THE SHADOWS!
A new region of Hell is coming to Diablo IV on October 8 - 2024! Vessel of Hatred is the first expansion and next chapter of the genre-defining, award-winning series by Blizzard Entertainment. Pre-purchase now for immediate access to in-game rewards and prepare for the darkness that awaits you as the first expansion charges through the land of Sanctuary.

NEW CLASS: SPRIRITBORN
Ranked among the apex predators of the jungle, the Spiritborn is an entirely new class to the Diablo series. They are battle-hardened with mystical synergies that could only be awakened deep within the jungles of Nahantu. Become one of the Spiritborn and embrace the ethereal Spirits entwined with this ancient civilization.

NEW REGION: NAHANTU
Explore Nahantu, the new jungle region in Diablo IV full of secrets, dangerous new Dungeons, Strongholds, and ferocious demons from warring Tribes.

CONTINUE THE CAMPAIGN
Set immediately following the events of Diablo IV, Vessel of Hatred continues the dark story as you fight to save Neyrelle from Mephisto's tightening grip on her soul, still reeling from the choice she made to contain him. The search for Neyrelle takes you deep into the ancient jungle as she grapples with the imprisoned Prime Evil. Attempt to unravel Mephisto’s dark plot while new foes encircle your every move, planning your demise. The fate of Neyrelle’s soul - and her ability to stop this Prime Evil from destroying Sanctuary - rests in your hands.

Never fight alone as new Mercenaries can join you on your quest to fight in the dense undergrowth of Nahantu and beyond. These powerful allies grow in power as they progress, and each are equipped with unique abilities to help you in combat.

NEW GAME UPDATES
Vessel of Hatred also has huge updates for all Diablo IV players with new class skills, paragon boards, legendary glyphs, dungeon types, Tree of Whispers activities, and more.

A new co-op PvE mode where you work with your friends to complete objectives and slay the boss in a multi-level dungeon, while getting loot and rewards.

My Opinion

As I can't play daily it always take some time until I finish my test but what should I say? I simply love Diablo IV as I loved the Diablo games before.

The new class is great as also the new area.

The story continues which is great and it take several hours to finish it but there is such abrupt ending...
I thought it would continue but it was the end and so we can say the next DLC will come with the continuing story...

For end gaming content I'm not the one to ask - here you need to ask people that don't have any life and play daily for hours and hours.

But I would always recommend this game 🙂

Requirements

Minimum

Operating System (OS)	Windows 10 64Bit (1909 or higher)
Processor (CPU)	Intel Core i5-2500K AMD FX 8350
Memory (RAM)	8 GB
Graphics processing unit (GPU)	Nvidia Geforce GTX 660 Intel Arc A380 AMD Radeon R9 280
DirectX	12
Network	Broadband internet connection
Disk Space	90 GB
Additional Comment	1080p native resolution 720p rendered resolution low graphics settings 30 FPS SSD required

Recommended

Operating System (OS)	Windows 10 64Bit (1909 or higher)
Processor (CPU)	Intel Core i5-4670K AMD Ryzen 1300X
Memory (RAM)	16 GB
Graphics processing unit (GPU)	Nvidia GTX 970 Intel Arc A750 AMD Radeon RX 470
DirectX	12
Network	Broadband internet connection
Disk Space	90 GB
Additional Comment	1080p resolution medium graphics settings 60 FPS SSD required

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ISeeTWizard · Insecure vs Secure Ports ISeeTWizard October 25, 2025 at 9:18 AM

There are some default Ports used when working on a network/server but most of these ports exists in a default way and a secure way. Here are some essential ports listed with it's default number and it's secured number.

Insecure Port	Protocol	Description	Secure Port	Protocol	Description
21	FTP	File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sends the username and password using plaintext from the client to the server.	22	SFTP	Uses encryption to protect the user credentials and packet of data being transferred.
23	Telnet	All information to & from the host on a telnet connection is sent in plaintext & cand be intercepted by an attacker.	22	Secure Shell	Secure Shell (SSH) on port 22 uses encryption to ensure that traffic between the host and terminal is not sent in plaintext format.
25	SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the default for sending email messages. Since it is unencrypted, data contained within the emails could be discovered by network sniffing.	587	SMTP	The secure alternative is to use port 587 for SMTP using Transport Layer Security (TLS) which will encrypt the data between the mail client and the mail server.
37	Time	Time Protocol may be in use by legacy equipment and has mostly been replaced by using port 123 for Network Time Protocol (NTP).	123	NTP	NTP on port 123 offers between errorhandling capabilities, which reduces the likelihood of unexpected errors.
53	DNS	Domain Name Service (DNS) is still used widely.	853	DoT	However using DNS over TLS (DoT) on port 853 protects DNS information from being modified in transit.
80	HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the basis of nearly all web browser traffic on the internet. Information sent via HTTP is not encrypted and is susceptible to sniffing attacks.	443	HTTPS	HTTPS using TLS encryption is preferred as it protects the data in transit between the server and the browser.
143	IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol used for retrieving emails. IMAP traffic on port 142 is not encrypted and susceptible to network sniffing.	993	IMAP	The secure alterative is to use port 993 for IMAP which adds SSL/TLS security to encrypt the data between the mail client and the mail server.
445	SMB	Server Message Block (SMB) is used by many versions of Windows for accessing files over the network. Files are transmitted unencrypted.	2049	NFS	Network File System (NFS). Although NDS can use encryption it is recommended that NFS not be allowed through firewalls either.
389	LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Portocol (LDAP) is used to communicate directory information from servers to clients. Since LDAP is not encrpyted it is susceptible to sniffing and manipulation attacks.	636	LDAPS	Lightweight Directory Access Portocol Secure (LDAPS) adds SSL/TLS LDAPS Security to protect the information while it is in transit.

ISeeTWizard · 9 Essential Network Protocols ISeeTWizard October 25, 2025 at 9:17 AM

Within the network there are many different protocols.

9 of them are more than essential.

Short Name	Long Name	Description
HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol	This is how web pages are requested and delivered on the internet.
HTTPS	Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure	It's like HTTP but with added security for safer data transfer.
FTP	File Transfer Protocol	It's used to send and receive files over the internet.
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol	It ensures that data sent over the internet arrives intact.
IP	Internet Protocol	It provides addresses for devices on the internet.
UDP	User Datagram Protocol	It's like TCP but faster and less concerned with data integrity.
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	It's used for sending emails between servers.
SSH	Secure Shell	It's a secure way to access and control remote computers.
IMAP	Internet Message Access Protocol	Allow users to access email messages stored on a remote mail server.

ISeeTWizard

No.	Layer	Description	Device	Implementations Protocols
7	Application	Provides services directly to user applications. Identifies communication partners, identifies quality of service, considers user authentication and privacy and determines if adequate ressources are present.	Gateway	SMB HTTP SMTP FTP SNMP Telnet AppleTalk
6	Presentation	Performs data transformations and services including formatting, compression and encryption services to provide a common interface for user applications.	Gateway Redirectors	HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP AFP TDI
5	Session	Establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications at each end. Allows 2 applications to communicate over a network by opening a sessions and synchronizing the involved computers.	Gateway	NetBEUI TCP UDP SPX
4	Transport	Provides transparent transfer of data between end systems by insulating layers 5-7 from complexities of layers 1-3. Responsible for end to end error recovery and flow control and ensures complete data transfer.	Gateway	IP IPX NWLink NetBEUI
3	Network	Establishes, maintains and terminates network connections. Handles traffic management including addressing, routing, switching, forwarding, local paths and virtual circuits, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.	Router Brouter	IP IPX NWLink NetBEUI
2	Data Link	Divided into two sub-layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer controls how a networked computer gains access to the data and permission to transmit it The Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.	Switch Bridge Router	Ethernet PPP HDLC
1	Physical	Controls transmission of the bit stream data over the physical medium. Standards for this layer address transmission at the electrical and menchanical level including signal voltage swing, voltage duration, etc.	Multiplexer Repeater	Ethernet Token Ring FDDI

ISeeTWizard

The OSI Layer should be commonly known in the world of ICT but did you know what attack targets what layer?

Here a table to clarify this...

	Layers	Attacks
7	Application	Exploit
6	Presentation	Phishing
5	Session	Hijacking XSS Attacks / Sessions Side Jacking / Malware
4	Transport	Reconnaissance / DoS (Denial-of-Service) TCP Session Hijack / Fraggle / Syn Flood / Land Attacks
3	Network	Man in the Middle Smurf Attack / Ping of Death / Teardrop
2	Data Link	Spoofing MAC Spoofing / MAC Flooding / VLAN Hopping
1	Physical	Sniffing

ISeeTWizard · What is/means ICT? ISeeTWizard October 24, 2025 at 2:09 PM

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.

CP/M 86

CP/M disc formats

Year 2000

8-bit systems

16-bit systems

File and directory management

File viewing and editing

Process Management

Disk management

Networking

User and group management

System information and monitoring

Archiving and compression

Package Management

Debian based (like Ubuntu)

Red Hat based (like Centos, Fedora)

General

System services and daemon management

Scheduling tasks

File permissions and security

System backup and restore

System Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

Networking & Remote Management

Text Processing Utilities

System shutdown and reboot

File system mounting and management

Filesystem permissions and security

Docker (containerization and orchestration)

Kubernetes (k8s) (containerization and orchestration)

Automation and configuration management

Ansible

Terraform

Puppet

CI/CD tools and commands

Jenkins

GitLab CI

GitHub Actions

Cloud Services

AWS CLI (Amazon Web Services)

Azure CLI (Microsoft)

Google Cloud SDK

Logging and Monitoring

Prometheus

Grafana

ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)

Guide to sub-class C blocks

Ratings

Description

My Opinion

Requirements

Trailer etc.

Related links (non affiliate!)

Photos / ScreenShots